Everything about The Battle Of Harran totally explained
The
Battle of Harran took place on
May 7,
1104 between the
Crusader states of the
Principality of Antioch and the
County of Edessa, and the
Seljuk Turks. It was the first major battle against the newfound Crusader states in the aftermath of the
First Crusade marking a key turning point against
Frankish expansion. The battle had a disastrous effect on the
Principality of Antioch as the Turks regained territory earlier lost.
Background
In 1104
Baldwin II of Edessa had attacked and besieged the city of
Harran. For his further support Baldwin sought help from
Bohemond I of Antioch and
Tancred, Prince of Galilee. Bohemond and Tancred marched north from
Antioch to
Edessa to join with Baldwin and
Joscelin of Courtenay, accompanied by Bernard of Valence the
Patriarch of Antioch,
Daimbert of Pisa the
Patriarch of Jerusalem, and Benedict the Archbishop of Edessa.
The Seljuks, under Jikirmish, governor of
Mosul, and Sokman, the
Artuqid lord of
Mardin, gathered in the area of the Khabur, perhaps at Ra's al-'ain (Hellenistic Rhesaina). In May 1104 they attacked Edessa, perhaps to distract the crusaders from Harran, perhaps to take the city while the crusaders were elsewhere engaged.
The battle
According to
Ibn al-Qalanisi, Tancred and Bohemund arrived at Edessa during the siege, but according to a chronicle of 1234 they arrived first at the gates of Harran. In any case, the Seljuks rode away from the crusaders, feigning a retreat and the crusaders followed.
The Seljuks feigned retreat in the preliminary skirmishes while the Crusaders continued their pursuit south. The contemporary chronicler Matthew of Edessa reports a pursuit of two days while
Ralph of Caen reports three days. According to
Ibn al-Athir, the main battle was fought twelve kilometres from Harran.
Most historians accept the accounts of
Albert of Aachen and
Fulcher of Chartres, who located the battle on the plain (
planitie) opposite the city of
ar-Raqqah, Ar-Raqqah being about two days away from Harran.
Baldwin and Joscelin commanded the Edessan left wing while Bohemond and Tancred commanded the Antiochene right. Ralph of Caen says that the crusaders were caught unawares when the Seljuks turned to fight, so much so that Baldwin and Bohemond fought without armor.
During the battle itself, Baldwin's troops were completely routed, with Baldwin and Joscelin captured by the Turks. The Antiochene troops along with Bohemond were able to escape to Edessa. However, Jikirmish had only taken a small amount of booty, so he purloined Baldwin from Sokman's camp. Although a ransom was paid, Joscelin and Baldwin were not released until sometime before 1108, and 1108 respectively.
Significance
The battle was one of the first decisive Crusader with severe consequences to the
Principality of Antioch. The
Byzantine Empire took advantage of the defeat to impose their claims on Antioch, and recaptured
Latakia and parts of
Cilicia. Many of the towns ruled by Antioch revolted and were re-occupied by Muslim forces from Aleppo.
Armenian territories also revolted in favour of the Byzantines or Armenia. These events caused Bohemund to return to Italy to recruit more troops, leaving Tancred as regent of Antioch as well.
William of Tyre wrote that there was no battle more disastrous than this. Although Antioch recovered by the next year, the
Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus imposed the
Treaty of Devol on Bohemond, which would have made Antioch a
vassal of the empire had Tancred agreed to it. Antioch was again crushed at the
Battle of Ager Sanguinis in
1119; Edessa never really recovered and survived until
1144 only because of divisions among the Muslims.
Further Information
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